YA, its true all operating systems are system software. Operating system - The operating system is the software which directly controls the hardware and provides an environment to run applications software. The operating system is the main item of. Sep 09, 2019 Pdf files, doc files, xlx files, presentation files, word documents on a computer, scanned copy of the hard copy, etc. Key Differences. Hard copies depend on paper and ink and soft copies depend on computers. Hard copies take a lot of space and are not easily portable, while soft copies do not consume real space.
Utility software is software designed to help to analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a computer.[1] It is used to support the computer infrastructure - in contrast to application software, which is aimed at directly performing tasks that benefit ordinary users. However, utilities often form part of application systems. For example a batch job may run user-written code to update a database and may then include a step that runs a utility to back up the database, or a job may run a utility to compress a disk before copying files.
Although a basic set of utility programs is usually distributed with an operating system (OS), and this first party[disambiguation needed] utility software is often considered part of the operating system, users often install replacements or additional utilities.[2][3] Those utilities may provide additional facilities to carry out tasks that are beyond the capabilities of the operating system.
Many utilities that might affect the entire computer system require the user to have elevated privileges, while others that operate only on the user's data do not.[4]
System utilities[edit]
Anti-virus utilities scan for computer viruses and block or remove them.
Clipboard managers expand the clipboard functionality of an operating system.
Computer access control software grants or denies requests for access to system resources.
Debuggers typically permit the examination and modification of data and program instructions in memory and on disk.
Diagnostic programs determine and report the operational status of computer hardware and software. Memory testers are one example.
Network utilities analyze the computer's network connectivity, configure network settings, check data transfer or log events.
Package managers are used to configure, install or keep up to date other software on a computer.
Registry cleaners clean and optimize the Windows Registry by removing old registry keys that are no longer in use.
System monitors monitor resources and performance in a computer system.
System profilers provide detailed information about installed software and hardware.
Storage device management utilities[edit]
Backup software makes copies of all information stored on a disk and either restores the entire disk (aka Disk cloning) in an event of disk failure or selected files that are accidentally deleted or corrupted. Undeletion utilities are sometimes more convenient.
Disk checkers scan an operating hard drive and check for logical (filesystem) or physical errors.
Disk compression utilities transparently compress/uncompress the contents of a disk, increasing the capacity of the disk.
Disk defragmenters detect computer files whose contents are scattered across several locations on the hard disk and collect the fragments into one contiguous area.
Disk formatters prepare a data storage device such as a hard disk, solid-state drive, floppy disk or USB flash drive for initial use. These are often used to permanently erase an entire device.
Disk partition editors divide an individual drive into multiple logical drives, each with its own file system which can be mounted by the operating system and treated as an individual drive.
Disk space analyzers provide a visualization of disk space usage by getting the size for each folder (including sub folders) and files in folder or drive. showing the distribution of the used space.
Tape initializers write a label to a magnetic tape or other magnetic medium. Initializers for DECtape formatted the tape into blocks.
File management utilities[edit]
Archivers output a stream or a single file when provided with a directory or a set of files. Archive suites may include compression and encryption capabilities. Some archive utilities have a separate un-archive utility for the reverse operation. One nearly universal type of archive file format is the zip file.
Cryptographic utilities encrypt and decrypt streams and files.
Data compression utilities output a shorter stream or a smaller file when provided with a stream or file.
Data conversion utilities transform data from a source file to some other format, such as from a text file to a PDF document.
Data recovery utilities are used to rescue good data from corrupted files.
Data synchronization utilities establish consistency among data from a source to a target data storage and vice versa. There are several branches of this type of utility:
File synchronization utilities maintain consistency between two sources. They may be used to create redundancy or backup copies but are also used to help users carry their digital music, photos and video in their mobile devices.
Revision control utilities can recreate a coherent structure where multiple users simultaneously modify the same file.
Disk cleaners find files that are unnecessary to computer operation, or take up considerable amounts of space.
File comparison utilities provide a standalone capability to detect differences between files.
File managers provide a convenient method of performing routine data management, email recovery and management tasks, such as deleting, renaming, cataloging, uncataloging, moving, copying, merging, setting write protection status, setting file access permissions, generating and modifying folders and data sets.
Miscellaneous utilities[edit]
Data generators (e.g. IEBDG) create a file of test data according to specified patterns.
Hex editors directly modify the text or data of a file without regard to file format. These files can be data or programs.
HTML checkers validate HTML code and check links.
Installation or setup utilities are used to initialize or configure programs, usually applications programs, for use in a specific computer environment. There are also Uninstallers.
Patching utilities perform alterations of files, especially object programs when program source is unavailable.
Screensavers prevent phosphor burn-in on CRT and plasma computer monitors.
Sort/Merge programs arrange records (lines) of a file into a specified sequence.
Standalone macro recorders permit use of keyboard macros in programs that do not natively support such a feature.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
^Parsons, June Jamrich; Oja, Dan (2013). New Perspectives on Computer Concepts 2014: Comprehensive. Course Technology. p. 129.
^'Non-Opec (advertisement)'. Computerworld. Sep 3, 1979. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
^Mendelson, Edward (June 8, 1999). 'Fix What Ails Your PC'. PC Magazine. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
^'Linux ifconfig command'. Computer Hope. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
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Summary
The Internet is actually a huge network that is accessible to everyone & everywhere across the world. The network is composed of sub-networks comprising of a number of computers that are enabled to transmit data in packets. The internet is governed by a set of rules, laws & regulations, collectively known as the Internet Protocol (IP). The sub-networks may range from defense networks to academic networks to commercial networks to individual PCs. Internet, essentially provides information & services in the form of E-Mail, chat & file transfers. It also provides access to the World Wide Web & other interlinked web pages.
The Internet & the World Wide Web (the Web), though used interchangeably, are not synonymous. Internet is the hardware part - it is a collection of computer networks connected through either copper wires, fiber-optic cables or wireless connections whereas, the World Wide Web can be termed as the software part – it is a collection of web pages connected through hyperlinks and URLs. In short, the World Wide Web is one of the services provided by the Internet. Other services over the Internet include e-mail, chat and file transfer services. All of these services can be provided to consumers for use by businesses or government or by individuals creating their own networks or platforms.
Another method to differentiate between both is using the Protocol Suite – a collection of laws & regulations that govern the Internet. While internet is governed by the Internet Protocol – specifically dealing with data as whole and their transmission in packets, the World Wide Web is governed by the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) that deals with the linking of files, documents and other resources of the World Wide Web.
History
The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) created by the US in 1958 as a reply to the USSR’s launching of the Sputnik, led to creation of a department called the Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) which started the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) that linked all the radar systems of US together. With tremendous research happening across the world, the University of California in Los Angeles (UCLA) got the ARPANET, a smaller version of the Internet in 1969. Since then Internet has taken huge strides in terms of technology and connectivity to reach its current position. In 1978, the International Packet Switched Service (IPSS) was created in Europe by the British Post Office in collaboration with Tymnet & Western Union International and this network slowly spread its wings to the US and Australia. In 1983, the first Wide Area Network (WAN) was created by the National Science Foundation (NSF) of the US called the NSFnet. All these sub-networks merged together post 1985 with new definitions of the Transfer Control Protocols of the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) for optimization of resources.
The Web was invented by Sir Tim Berners Lee. In March 1989, Tim Berners-Lee wrote a proposal that described the Web as an elaborate information management system. With help from Robert Cailliau, he published a more formal proposal for the World Wide Web on November 12, 1990. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the first web browser (which was a web editor as well), the first web server, and the first Web pages which described the project itself. On August 6, 1991, he posted a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the alt.hypertext newsgroup. This date also marked the debut of the Web as a publicly available service on the Internet.
Berners-Lee's breakthrough was to marry hypertext to the Internet. In his book Weaving The Web, he explains that he had repeatedly suggested that a marriage between the two technologies was possible to members of both technical communities, but when no one took up his invitation, he finally tackled the project himself. In the process, he developed a system of globally unique identifiers for resources on the Web and elsewhere: the Uniform Resource Identifier.
The World Wide Web had a number of differences from other hypertext systems that were then available. The Web required only unidirectional links rather than bidirectional ones. This made it possible for someone to link to another resource without action by the owner of that resource. It also significantly reduced the difficulty of implementing web servers and browsers (in comparison to earlier systems), but in turn presented the chronic problem of link rot. Unlike predecessors such as HyperCard, the World Wide Web was non-proprietary, making it possible to develop servers and clients independently and to add extensions without licensing restrictions.
For more details see The History of the Internet and The History of the World Wide Web.
Internet of Things
In recent years, the phrase Internet of Things—or IoT—has been used to denote a subset of the Internet that connects physical devices, such as home appliances, vehicles, industrial sensors. Historically the devices connected to the Internet have been computers, cell phones and tablets. With the Internet of Things, other devices like refrigerators, HVAC systems, light bulbs, cars, thermostats, video cameras, and locks can also connect to the Internet. This allows better monitoring and more control of the physical world through the Internet.